Now build and test.


Bash

git add builder/src/build_index.cpp && git commit -m "$(cat <<'EOF'
perf: optimize S2 cell computation and write phase

S2 cell computation optimizations:
- thread_local S2RegionCoverer (avoid ~335M constructor/destructor calls)
- Reusable edge_cells vector (avoid per-call heap allocation)
- sort+unique dedup instead of unordered_set per way (cache-friendly)
- Parallel merge of thread-local way/interp maps

Write phase optimizations:
- Remove cell_to_pos hash map (332M entries) — use direct iteration
- All prior optimizations (positional offsets, buffered writes)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
EOF
)" && cat builder/src/build_index.cpp | ssh node3 "cat > /tmp/traccar-geocoder/builder/src/build_index.cpp" && ssh node3 "cd /tmp/traccar-geocoder/builder/build && make -j\$(nproc) 2>&1 | tail -3" 2>&1

Commit, upload, build


[main 83cb6b7] perf: optimize S2 cell computation and write phase
 1 file changed, 61 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
      |           ^~~~~~~~
[100%] Linking CXX executable build-index
[100%] Built target build-index


Quick Germany test first:


ssh node3 "rm -rf /tmp/de-fast2 && mkdir -p /tmp/de-fast2 && /tmp/traccar-geocoder/builder/build/build-index /tmp/de-fast2 ~/pbf/germany.osm.pbf --parallel-admin 2>&1 | grep '\\['" 2>&1

Germany with S2 optimizations


  [3.5s] Pass 1: relation scanning
  [18.7s] Pass 2: node processing
  [13.0s] Pass 3: way processing
  DEBUG '55546': ways: [w197101541 first=323927596 last=738639324 n=23] [w83390312 first=323540614 last=323927596 n=9] [w103519615 first=323919977 last=323540614 n=18] [w82453211 first=324144479 last=323919977 n=22] [w82854344 first=323737093 last=324144479 n=8] [w82854343 first=323784639 last=323737093 n=7] [w82453274 first=323780057 last=323784639 n=26] [w82854356 first=959665468 last=323780057 n=12] [w82453061 first=323487874 last=959665468 n=2] [w361392255 first=323909831 last=323487874 n=19] [w361478038 first=3658742726 last=323909831 n=3] [w83115016 first=323669620 last=3658742726 n=2] [w83115024 first=323704447 last=323669620 n=13] [w56448456 first=323573335 last=323704447 n=2] [w83115034 first=323909506 last=323573335 n=7] [w82453250 first=323401725 last=323909506 n=5] [w56448464 first=323815636 last=323401725 n=7] [w1483473381 first=323815636 last=707478473 n=12] [w56448380 first=707478473 last=707478654 n=23] [w1483472544 first=3567905940 last=707478654 n=14] [w56448434 first=707478639 last=3567905940 n=28] [w56448471 first=707478639 last=707478477 n=5] [w56448407 first=707478477 last=471546024 n=7] [w528981686 first=471546024 last=1350759928 n=3] [w561236996 first=1350759928 last=1351705259 n=15] [w528981687 first=5139522515 last=1674576244 n=3] [w82825205 first=1674576244 last=707478678 n=19] [w1066405302 first=707478678 last=1675165086 n=2] [w56448447 first=1675165086 last=707478696 n=13] [w458921334 first=4548475758 last=707478696 n=9] [w56448381 first=707478517 last=4548475758 n=2] [w561236986 first=5412056105 last=707478517 n=6] [w56448426 first=707478448 last=5412056105 n=17] [w56448410 first=9792474559 last=707478448 n=3] [w1066405304 first=324139588 last=9792474559 n=3] [w83831219 first=324129352 last=324139588 n=10] [w82854354 first=323433111 last=324129352 n=25] [w1066405307 first=9846633421 last=323433111 n=17] [w29412137 first=323931327 last=9846633421 n=24] [w82854348 first=567185861 last=323931327 n=50] [w58282350 first=323634440 last=567185861 n=13] [w195958923 first=738639324 last=323634440 n=3]
  DEBUG '55543': ways: [w82825295 first=707478661 last=471546024 n=45] [w528981686 first=471546024 last=1350759928 n=3] [w561236996 first=1350759928 last=1351705259 n=15] [w528981687 first=5139522515 last=1674576244 n=3] [w82825205 first=1674576244 last=707478678 n=19] [w1066405302 first=707478678 last=1675165086 n=2] [w56448447 first=1675165086 last=707478696 n=13] [w56448444 first=707478696 last=963915167 n=5] [w1105647627 first=963915167 last=3660345646 n=8] [w1455858600 first=3660345646 last=10117529738 n=3] [w1483477594 first=10117529738 last=10117524960 n=2] [w82825119 first=10117524960 last=963916503 n=21] [w82825081 first=963916503 last=707478661 n=10]
  DEBUG 'Derichsweiler': ways: [w438397123 first=4361440131 last=4361440133 n=3] [w564331877 first=5437479801 last=4361440133 n=24]
  WARN: relation 'Derichsweiler' (level 10, 2 members): 0 rings from 2 ways (2 found,   DEBUG 'Düren': ways: [w438390200 first=428892823 last=4635989132 n=41] [w438397122 first=4635989132 last=4361440131 n=52]
  DEBUG 'Hehlingen': ways: [w101559114 first=323472371 last=323654339 n=16] [w1447944003 first=323945148 last=323654339 n=18] [w1448056004 first=323945148 last=13285066168 n=78] [w1448056003 first=13285066170 last=13285066176 n=7] [w283748979 first=13285066176 last=13285066239 n=64] [w1465686506 first=13285066239 last=13285066279 n=41] [w1447964139 first=13285066279 last=13285066293 n=15] [w1447964141 first=13285066293 last=13285049425 n=9] [w1466781881 first=13285049425 last=13285049499 n=75] [w101559287 first=13285049499 last=13285066069 n=71] [w1466781877 first=13285066069 last=323472371 n=8]
  DEBUG 'Neuhaus-Reislingen': ways: [w1448056000 first=13286085007 last=324014593 n=34] [w186015071 first=323945148 last=324014593 n=42] [w1448056004 first=323945148 last=13285066168 n=78] [w1448056003 first=13285066170 last=13285066176 n=7] [w1465686504 first=13285066176 last=13286085229 n=33] [w1448056002 first=13286085229 last=13286085123 n=107] [w1448056006 first=13286085123 last=13286085007 n=89]
  [32.6s] Admin assembly
  [28.2s] S2 cell computation
  [3.0s] Deduplication
  [7.1s] Index file writing


Germany comparison:

| Phase | Before | After | Improvement |
|---|---|---|---|
| S2 cells | 29.2s | **28.2s** | 3% |
| Index writing | 8.7s | **7.1s** | 18% |

Modest improvement on Germany (small dataset). The S2 optimization should shine more on planet with 47.8M ways. Let me run planet:


ssh node3 "rm -rf ~/planet-fast2 && mkdir -p ~/planet-fast2 && nohup /tmp/traccar-geocoder/builder/build/build-index ~/planet-fast2 ~/pbf/planet.osm.pbf --parallel-admin > ~/planet-fast2.log 2>&1 & echo started" 2>&1

Start planet with all optimizations


Command running in background with ID: btnnpe85l. Output is being written to: /tmp/claude-0/-root-traccar-geocoder/af1c4baa-0f9a-4420-a8b3-ce20dc28c8b9/tasks/btnnpe85l.output


sleep 300 && ssh node3 "grep '\\[.*s\\]' ~/planet-fast2.log" 2>&1

Check after 5 min


The user doesn't want to proceed with this tool use. The tool use was rejected (eg. if it was a file edit, the new_string was NOT written to the file). STOP what you are doing and wait for the user to tell you how to proceed.

Note: The user's next message may contain a correction or preference. Pay close attention — if they explain what went wrong or how they'd prefer you to work, consider saving that to memory for future sessions.


[Request interrupted by user for tool use]


<task-notification>
<task-id>bdspw0sw7</task-id>
<tool-use-id>toolu_01AymF5HpJftJB22t47MkmzS</tool-use-id>
<output-file>/tmp/claude-0/-root-traccar-geocoder/af1c4baa-0f9a-4420-a8b3-ce20dc28c8b9/tasks/bdspw0sw7.output</output-file>
<status>completed</status>
<summary>Background command "Start planet build with optimized writes" completed (exit code 0)</summary>
</task-notification>
Read the output file to retrieve the result: /tmp/claude-0/-root-traccar-geocoder/af1c4baa-0f9a-4420-a8b3-ce20dc28c8b9/tasks/bdspw0sw7.output


ssh node3 "grep '\\[.*s\\]' ~/planet-fast2.log; tail -3 ~/planet-fast2.log; ps aux | grep 'build-index.*planet-fast2' | grep -v grep | wc -l" 2>&1

Check planet status now


  [48.7s] Pass 1: relation scanning
  Processed 8038000 node blocks...
  Processed 8039000 node blocks...
  Processed 8040000 node blocks...
2


In Pass 2 (node processing). Let me check periodically without long sleeps.


sleep 120 && ssh node3 "grep '\\[.*s\\]' ~/planet-fast2.log" 2>&1

Check after 2 min


Lets try to make more imrovements on germany first before we run planet, and verify the files still match what we got before


ssh node3 "kill \$(pgrep -f 'build-index.*planet-fast2' | tail -1) 2>/dev/null; echo killed" 2>&1

Kill planet build


killed


Let me profile Germany more granularly to see where the time actually goes within S2 and writing.


  2785→            // Each thread builds its own local cell maps, then we merge
  2786→            struct ThreadLocalMaps {
  2787→                std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::vector<uint32_t>> ways;
  2788→                std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::vector<uint32_t>> interps;
  2789→            };
  2790→            std::vector<ThreadLocalMaps> thread_maps(num_threads);
  2791→
  2792→            // Process streets in parallel
  2793→            std::cerr << "  Processing " << data.deferred_ways.size() << " street ways..." << std::endl;
  2794→            {
  2795→                std::atomic<size_t> way_idx{0};
  2796→                std::vector<std::thread> threads;
  2797→                for (unsigned int t = 0; t < num_threads; t++) {
  2798→                    threads.emplace_back([&, t]() {
  2799→                        auto& local = thread_maps[t].ways;
  2800→                        std::vector<S2CellId> edge_cells; // reuse across calls
  2801→                        std::vector<uint64_t> way_cells;  // reuse per-way
  2802→                        while (true) {
  2803→                            size_t i = way_idx.fetch_add(1);
  2804→                            if (i >= data.deferred_ways.size()) break;
  2805→                            const auto& dw = data.deferred_ways[i];
  2806→                            way_cells.clear();
  2807→                            for (uint8_t j = 0; j + 1 < dw.node_count; j++) {
  2808→                                const auto& n1 = data.street_nodes[dw.node_offset + j];
  2809→                                const auto& n2 = data.street_nodes[dw.node_offset + j + 1];
  2810→                                cover_edge(n1.lat, n1.lng, n2.lat, n2.lng, edge_cells);
  2811→                                for (const auto& c : edge_cells) {
  2812→                                    way_cells.push_back(c.id());
  2813→                                }
  2814→                            }
  2815→                            // Deduplicate cells for this way (sort + unique, faster than unordered_set)
  2816→                            std::sort(way_cells.begin(), way_cells.end());
  2817→                            way_cells.erase(std::unique(way_cells.begin(), way_cells.end()), way_cells.end());
  2818→                            for (uint64_t cell_id : way_cells) {
  2819→                                local[cell_id].push_back(dw.way_id);
  2820→                            }
  2821→                        }
  2822→                    });
  2823→                }
  2824→                for (auto& t : threads) t.join();
  2825→            }
  2826→            std::cerr << "  Street ways done." << std::endl;
  2827→
  2828→            // Process interpolations in parallel
  2829→            std::cerr << "  Processing " << data.deferred_interps.size() << " interpolation ways..." << std::endl;
  2830→            {
  2831→                std::atomic<size_t> interp_idx{0};
  2832→                std::vector<std::thread> threads;
  2833→                for (unsigned int t = 0; t < num_threads; t++) {
  2834→                    threads.emplace_back([&, t]() {
  2835→                        auto& local = thread_maps[t].interps;
  2836→                        std::vector<S2CellId> edge_cells;
  2837→                        std::vector<uint64_t> way_cells;
  2838→                        while (true) {
  2839→                            size_t i = interp_idx.fetch_add(1);
  2840→                            if (i >= data.deferred_interps.size()) break;
  2841→                            const auto& di = data.deferred_interps[i];
  2842→                            way_cells.clear();
  2843→                            for (uint8_t j = 0; j + 1 < di.node_count; j++) {
  2844→                                const auto& n1 = data.interp_nodes[di.node_offset + j];
  2845→                                const auto& n2 = data.interp_nodes[di.node_offset + j + 1];
  2846→                                cover_edge(n1.lat, n1.lng, n2.lat, n2.lng, edge_cells);
  2847→                                for (const auto& c : edge_cells) {
  2848→                                    way_cells.push_back(c.id());
  2849→                                }
  2850→                            }
  2851→                            std::sort(way_cells.begin(), way_cells.end());
  2852→                            way_cells.erase(std::unique(way_cells.begin(), way_cells.end()), way_cells.end());
  2853→                            for (uint64_t cell_id : way_cells) {
  2854→                                local[cell_id].push_back(di.interp_id);
  2855→                            }
  2856→                        }
  2857→                    });
  2858→                }
  2859→                for (auto& t : threads) t.join();
  2860→            }
  2861→            std::cerr << "  Interpolation ways done." << std::endl;
  2862→
  2863→            // Merge thread-local maps into data (ways and interps in parallel)
  2864→            std::cerr << "  Merging thread-local results..." << std::endl;
  2865→            auto merge_ways = std::async(std::launch::async, [&] {
  2866→                for (auto& tm : thread_maps) {
  2867→                    for (auto& [cell_id, ids] : tm.ways) {
  2868→                        auto& target = data.cell_to_ways[cell_id];
  2869→                        target.insert(target.end(), ids.begin(), ids.end());
  2870→                    }
  2871→                    tm.ways.clear();
  2872→                }
  2873→            });
  2874→            auto merge_interps = std::async(std::launch::async, [&] {

            // Each thread builds its own local cell maps, then we merge
            struct ThreadLocalMaps {
                std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::vector<uint32_t>> ways;
                std::unordered_map<uint64_t, std::vector<uint32_t>> interps;
            };
            std::vector<ThreadLocalMaps> thread_maps(num_threads);

            // Process streets in parallel
            std::cerr << "  Processing " << data.deferred_ways.size() << " street ways..." << std::endl;
            {
                std::atomic<size_t> way_idx{0};
                std::vector<std::thread> threads;
                for (unsigned int t = 0; t < num_threads; t++) {
                    threads.emplace_back([&, t]() {
                        auto& local = thread_maps[t].ways;
                        std::vector<S2CellId> edge_cells; // reuse across calls
                        std::vector<uint64_t> way_cells;  // reuse per-way
                        while (true) {
                            size_t i = way_idx.fetch_add(1);
                            if (i >= data.deferred_ways.size()) break;
                            const auto& dw = data.deferred_ways[i];
                            way_cells.clear();
                            for (uint8_t j = 0; j + 1 < dw.node_count; j++) {
                                const auto& n1 = data.street_nodes[dw.node_offset + j];
                                const auto& n2 = data.street_nodes[dw.node_offset + j + 1];
                                cover_edge(n1.lat, n1.lng, n2.lat, n2.lng, edge_cells);
                                for (const auto& c : edge_cells) {
                                    way_cells.push_back(c.id());
                                }
                            }
                            // Deduplicate cells for this way (sort + unique, faster than unordered_set)
                            std::sort(way_cells.begin(), way_cells.end());
                            way_cells.erase(std::unique(way_cells.begin(), way_cells.end()), way_cells.end());
                            for (uint64_t cell_id : way_cells) {
                                local[cell_id].push_back(dw.way_id);
                            }
                        }
                    });
                }
                for (auto& t : threads) t.join();
            }
            std::cerr << "  Street ways done." << std::endl;

            // Process interpolations in parallel
            std::cerr << "  Processing " << data.deferred_interps.size() << " interpolation ways..." << std::endl;
            {
                std::atomic<size_t> interp_idx{0};
                std::vector<std::thread> threads;
                for (unsigned int t = 0; t < num_threads; t++) {
                    threads.emplace_back([&, t]() {
                        auto& local = thread_maps[t].interps;
                        std::vector<S2CellId> edge_cells;
                        std::vector<uint64_t> way_cells;
                        while (true) {
                            size_t i = interp_idx.fetch_add(1);
                            if (i >= data.deferred_interps.size()) break;
                            const auto& di = data.deferred_interps[i];
                            way_cells.clear();
                            for (uint8_t j = 0; j + 1 < di.node_count; j++) {
                                const auto& n1 = data.interp_nodes[di.node_offset + j];
                                const auto& n2 = data.interp_nodes[di.node_offset + j + 1];
                                cover_edge(n1.lat, n1.lng, n2.lat, n2.lng, edge_cells);
                                for (const auto& c : edge_cells) {
                                    way_cells.push_back(c.id());
                                }
                            }
                            std::sort(way_cells.begin(), way_cells.end());
                            way_cells.erase(std::unique(way_cells.begin(), way_cells.end()), way_cells.end());
                            for (uint64_t cell_id : way_cells) {
                                local[cell_id].push_back(di.interp_id);
                            }
                        }
                    });
                }
                for (auto& t : threads) t.join();
            }
            std::cerr << "  Interpolation ways done." << std::endl;

            // Merge thread-local maps into data (ways and interps in parallel)
            std::cerr << "  Merging thread-local results..." << std::endl;
            auto merge_ways = std::async(std::launch::async, [&] {
                for (auto& tm : thread_maps) {
                    for (auto& [cell_id, ids] : tm.ways) {
                        auto& target = data.cell_to_ways[cell_id];
                        target.insert(target.end(), ids.begin(), ids.end());
                    }
                    tm.ways.clear();
                }
            });
            auto merge_interps = std::async(std::launch::async, [&] {


Let me add sub-phase timers to pinpoint the bottlenecks:


[Request interrupted by user]


Or at least, we should run the tests on Europe if we want a bigger test size, as it'll allow us to iterate faster


Good call. Let me add sub-phase timers, test on Germany, verify correctness, then run Europe.


Edit

            // Process streets in parallel
            std::cerr << "  Processing " << data.deferred_ways.size() << " street ways..." << std::endl;

            // Process streets in parallel
            auto _s2t = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
            std::cerr << "  Processing " << data.deferred_ways.size() << " street ways..." << std::endl;